:root {
  --ink: #171717;
  --ink-soft: #55565a;
  --paper: #f7f5f2;
  --white: #ffffff;
  --line: #ded8d3;
  --uc-red: #e00122;
  --uc-red-dark: #9b0018;
  --black: #000000;
  --warm-gray: #ebe5df;
  --shadow: 0 18px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14);
}

* {
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

html {
  scroll-behavior: smooth;
}

body {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--ink);
  background: var(--paper);
  font-family: Inter, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", sans-serif;
  line-height: 1.6;
}

a {
  color: inherit;
}

img {
  max-width: 100%;
}

.skip-link {
  position: absolute;
  left: 1rem;
  top: -4rem;
  z-index: 20;
  padding: 0.6rem 0.9rem;
  background: var(--white);
  color: var(--ink);
  border-radius: 0.35rem;
}

.skip-link:focus {
  top: 1rem;
}

.site-header {
  position: sticky;
  top: 0;
  z-index: 10;
  background: #000000;
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--uc-red);
  backdrop-filter: blur(16px);
}

.header-inner,
.top-nav {
  width: min(1320px, calc(100% - 2rem));
  margin: 0 auto;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
}

.header-inner {
  min-height: 84px;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 2rem;
}

.top-nav {
  min-height: 42px;
  justify-content: flex-end;
}

.brand {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.45rem;
  min-width: 0;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.uc-logo-wrap {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  width: 74px;
  height: 54px;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  border-right: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);
  padding: 0.1rem 0.9rem 0.1rem 0;
}

.uc-logo {
  display: block;
  max-width: 100%;
  max-height: 100%;
  object-fit: contain;
}

.brand strong {
  display: block;
  color: var(--white);
  font-size: clamp(1.35rem, 2.4vw, 2.15rem);
  line-height: 1.2;
  font-weight: 500;
}

.brand small {
  display: block;
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.82);
  font-size: clamp(0.9rem, 1.35vw, 1.15rem);
}

.header-emis-logo {
  width: min(250px, 23vw);
  max-height: 72px;
  object-fit: contain;
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.nav-links {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.2rem;
}

.nav-links a {
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78);
  font-size: 1rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  padding: 0.45rem 0.72rem;
  border-radius: 0.3rem;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.nav-links a:hover,
.nav-links a:focus,
.nav-links a[aria-current="page"] {
  color: var(--white);
  background: rgba(224, 1, 34, 0.24);
}

.nav-toggle {
  display: none;
  width: 42px;
  height: 42px;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 0.35rem;
  background: var(--white);
  padding: 0.55rem;
}

.nav-toggle span:not(.sr-only) {
  display: block;
  height: 2px;
  margin: 5px 0;
  background: var(--ink);
}

.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px;
  height: 1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
}

.site-shell {
  width: min(1320px, calc(100% - 2rem));
  margin: 0 auto;
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 240px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: clamp(1.4rem, 3vw, 2.5rem);
  align-items: start;
  justify-content: center;
}

.profile-sidebar {
  position: sticky;
  top: 144px;
  padding: 1rem 0 2rem;
  font-size: 0.93rem;
}

.profile-photo {
  display: block;
  width: min(100%, 210px);
  aspect-ratio: 4 / 5;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center top;
  border: 4px solid var(--white);
  box-shadow: 0 10px 24px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12);
}

.profile-sidebar h1 {
  margin: 0.85rem 0 0.2rem;
  font-size: 1.45rem;
  line-height: 1.08;
  letter-spacing: 0;
}

.profile-title,
.profile-affiliation,
.profile-sidebar p,
.profile-sidebar address {
  color: var(--ink-soft);
}

.profile-title {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--uc-red);
  font-weight: 900;
}

.profile-affiliation {
  margin: 0.35rem 0 0;
}

.profile-sidebar p {
  margin: 0 0 0.75rem;
}

.profile-sidebar address {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.18rem;
  margin: 0.9rem 0;
  font-style: normal;
}

.profile-sidebar a,
.content a {
  color: var(--uc-red);
  font-weight: 800;
}

.home-mobile-profile {
  display: none;
}

.content {
  min-width: 0;
  padding: 2rem 0 4rem;
}

.page-section {
  scroll-margin-top: 94px;
  padding: clamp(2.75rem, 5vw, 4.5rem) 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
}

.intro-section {
  min-height: calc(70vh - 74px);
  display: grid;
  align-content: center;
  background:
    linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9), rgba(49, 0, 8, 0.7), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15)),
    url("assets/emagine-welcome-background.png");
  background-size: cover;
  background-position: center;
  color: var(--white);
  margin: 0;
  padding-left: 1.5rem;
  padding-right: 1.5rem;
  border-bottom: 4px solid var(--uc-red);
}

.section-kicker {
  margin: 0 0 0.75rem;
  color: var(--uc-red);
  font-weight: 900;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  letter-spacing: 0;
}

.intro-section .section-kicker {
  color: #ff4a5f;
}

h2,
h3,
p {
  overflow-wrap: anywhere;
}

h2 {
  margin: 0;
  font-size: clamp(2.1rem, 4vw, 4rem);
  line-height: 1.02;
  letter-spacing: 0;
}

h3 {
  margin: 0;
  font-size: 1.12rem;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.lead {
  max-width: 820px;
  margin: 1.25rem 0 0;
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.88);
  font-size: clamp(1.08rem, 1.8vw, 1.3rem);
}

.notice {
  max-width: 820px;
  margin-top: 1.4rem;
  padding: 0.9rem 1rem;
  border-left: 5px solid var(--uc-red);
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1);
  color: inherit;
}

.page-section > p:not(.section-kicker),
.info-list p,
.research-list p,
.people-list span,
.publication p,
.news-list p,
.directions-block {
  color: var(--ink-soft);
}

.page-title-section {
  padding-top: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem);
}

.subsection-title {
  font-size: clamp(1.45rem, 2.4vw, 2.2rem);
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
}

.intro-section p.lead {
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
}

.intro-section .notice {
  color: var(--white);
}

.research-list,
.info-list,
.people-list,
.publication-list {
  display: grid;
  gap: 1rem;
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
}

.research-list {
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
}

.research-list article,
.info-list article,
.person-row,
.publication,
.directions-block {
  background: var(--white);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 0.35rem;
  padding: 1rem;
  box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06);
}

.research-list article {
  border-top: 4px solid var(--uc-red);
}

.publication {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 82px minmax(0, 1fr);
  gap: 1rem;
}

.pub-year,
.news-list time {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--uc-red);
  font-weight: 900;
}

.publication p,
.news-list p {
  margin: 0.25rem 0 0;
}

.person-row {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.25rem;
}

.news-list {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.7rem;
  margin: 1.35rem 0 0;
  padding-left: 1.25rem;
  color: var(--ink-soft);
}

.news-list li {
  padding-left: 0.25rem;
}

.directions-block {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.35rem;
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
  font-style: normal;
}

.pub-full-list {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.45rem;
  margin: 1rem 0 0;
  padding-left: 1.25rem;
  color: var(--ink-soft);
}

.pub-full-list li {
  padding-left: 0.25rem;
}

.pub-full-list strong {
  color: var(--ink);
}

.site-footer {
  width: min(1320px, calc(100% - 2rem));
  margin: 0 auto;
  padding: 1.4rem 0;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 1rem;
  color: var(--ink-soft);
}

.site-footer p {
  margin: 0;
}

.site-footer a {
  color: var(--uc-red);
  font-weight: 800;
}

@media (max-width: 980px) {
  .nav-toggle {
    display: block;
  }

  .nav-links {
    position: absolute;
    left: 1rem;
    right: 1rem;
    top: 126px;
    display: none;
    padding: 0.7rem;
    background: var(--white);
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    border-radius: 0.35rem;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow);
  }

  .nav-links.is-open {
    display: grid;
  }

  .nav-links a {
    color: var(--ink);
    padding: 0.75rem;
  }

  .site-shell {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .profile-sidebar {
    position: relative;
    top: auto;
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 140px minmax(0, 1fr);
    gap: 1rem;
    align-items: start;
  justify-content: center;
    padding-bottom: 0;
  }

  .profile-sidebar h1,
  .profile-title,
  .profile-affiliation,
  .profile-sidebar p,
  .profile-sidebar address {
    grid-column: 2;
  }

  .profile-photo {
    grid-row: 1 / span 7;
  }

  .content {
    padding-top: 1rem;
  }

  .intro-section {
    margin: 0;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .header-inner,
  .top-nav,
  .site-shell,
  .site-footer {
    width: min(100% - 1rem, 1320px);
  }

  .uc-logo-wrap {
    width: 48px;
    height: 40px;
    padding-right: 0.5rem;
  }

  .brand {
    gap: 0.55rem;
  }

  .brand strong {
    max-width: 220px;
    font-size: 1rem;
  }

  .brand small {
    display: none;
  }

  .header-emis-logo {
    display: none;
  }

  .top-nav {
    min-height: 0;
  }

  .nav-links {
    top: 84px;
  }

  .profile-sidebar {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .profile-sidebar h1,
  .profile-title,
  .profile-affiliation,
  .profile-sidebar p,
  .profile-sidebar address {
    grid-column: auto;
  }

  .profile-photo {
    grid-row: auto;
    max-width: 190px;
  }

  .research-list,
  .publication {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .intro-section {
    min-height: 560px;
  }

  .site-footer {
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}

/* EMAGINE refresh overrides */
:root {
  --paper: #f7f7f7;
}

.header-emis-logo {
  width: min(360px, 32vw);
  max-height: 72px;
  object-fit: contain;
}

.nav-links {
  gap: 0.08rem;
}

.nav-links a {
  white-space: nowrap;
}


.plain-list,
.simple-list {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.7rem;
  margin: 1.2rem 0 0;
  padding-left: 1.25rem;
  color: var(--ink-soft);
}

.plain-list strong,
.simple-list strong {
  color: var(--ink);
}

.research-figure {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.75rem;
}

.research-figure img,
.wide-image {
  width: 100%;
  border-radius: 0.35rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  background: var(--white);
}

.research-figure img {
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 10;
  object-fit: contain;
}

.wide-image {
  object-fit: cover;
}

.contact-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1.2rem;
  margin-top: 1.4rem;
}

.contact-grid article {
  background: var(--white);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 0.35rem;
  padding: 1rem;
}

@media (max-width: 980px) {
  .header-emis-logo {
    width: min(260px, 34vw);
  }
}

@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .contact-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }
}

.intro-section > p:not(.section-kicker) {
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
}


.concept-figure {
  margin: 0 0 1.2rem;
  padding: 0;
  background: #000000;
  border-bottom: 4px solid var(--uc-red);
}

.concept-figure img {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}




.brand-emagine-logo {
  display: block;
  width: min(190px, 20vw);
  max-height: 58px;
  object-fit: contain;
}



.brand .brand-emagine-logo {
  width: min(260px, 28vw);
  max-height: 72px;
}

.brand .brand-copy strong {
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 1.45vw, 1.35rem);
  font-weight: 600;
}

.brand .brand-copy small {
  font-size: clamp(0.75rem, 1vw, 0.95rem);
}

.brand:has(.brand-emagine-logo) {
  gap: 0.75rem;
}

.brand:has(.brand-emagine-logo) .brand-copy {
  transform: translateY(0.42rem);
}

/* One-line header layout */
.site-header .header-inner {
  min-height: 92px;
}

.header-inner > .brand {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

.header-inner > .top-nav {
  width: auto;
  min-height: auto;
  margin: 0 0 0 auto;
  flex: 1 1 auto;
  justify-content: flex-end;
}

.header-inner > .top-nav .nav-links {
  justify-content: flex-end;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  row-gap: 0.2rem;
}

.header-inner > .nav-toggle {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
}

@media (max-width: 1180px) {
  .brand .brand-emagine-logo {
    width: min(230px, 24vw);
  }

  .brand .brand-copy strong {
    font-size: clamp(0.95rem, 1.25vw, 1.18rem);
  }

  .brand .brand-copy small {
    font-size: clamp(0.72rem, 0.9vw, 0.86rem);
  }

  .nav-links a {
    font-size: 0.92rem;
    padding-inline: 0.52rem;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 980px) {
  .header-inner > .top-nav {
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    margin-left: auto;
  }
}



/* Compact academic section headings */
.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) h2 {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  line-height: 1.28;
  font-weight: 800;
}

.content > .page-title-section:not(.intro-section) h2 {
  font-size: 1.35rem;
}

.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) h3 {
  font-size: 1.05rem;
}

.page-title-section .lead {
  font-size: 1rem;
}

/* Red underlined section heading style */
.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) h2 {
  color: var(--uc-red);
  font-size: 1.45rem;
  line-height: 1.25;
  font-weight: 900;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-underline-offset: 0.14em;
  text-decoration-thickness: 0.08em;
}

.content > .page-title-section:not(.intro-section) h2 {
  font-size: 1.45rem;
}

/* Black underlined section headings */
.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) h2 {
  color: var(--ink);
}

/* Match headings to News date red */
.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) h2 {
  color: var(--uc-red);
}

/* Remove section heading underlines */
.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) h2 {
  text-decoration: none;
}

/* Tighter spacing between content sections */
.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) {
  padding: 1.25rem 0;
}

.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) h2 {
  margin-bottom: 0.55rem;
}

.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) p:first-of-type,
.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) .plain-list,
.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) .pub-full-list,
.content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) .news-list {
  margin-top: 0.55rem;
}
@media (min-width: 981px) {
  .site-shell {
    min-height: calc(100vh + 8rem);
  }
}
/* Unified Home welcome visual */
.welcome-visual {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
  background: #000000;
  border-bottom: 4px solid var(--uc-red);
  box-shadow: 0 18px 44px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16);
}

.welcome-visual .concept-figure {
  position: relative;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  background: #000000;
  border-bottom: 0;
}

.welcome-visual .concept-figure::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  left: 0;
  right: 0;
  bottom: -1px;
  height: clamp(5rem, 11vw, 9rem);
  pointer-events: none;
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), #000000 78%);
}

.welcome-visual .concept-figure img {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}

.welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: 2;
  top: clamp(0.75rem, 2vw, 1.4rem);
  left: clamp(0.9rem, 2.8vw, 2rem);
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--white);
  font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
  font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 3vw, 2.15rem);
  font-weight: 700;
  line-height: 1;
  letter-spacing: 0;
  text-shadow: 0 3px 18px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85);
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section {
  min-height: clamp(360px, 46vh, 540px);
  margin: -1px 0 0;
  padding: clamp(2.3rem, 5vw, 4.5rem) clamp(1rem, 3vw, 2rem) clamp(2.4rem, 5vw, 4rem);
  border-bottom: 0;
  background:
    linear-gradient(180deg, #000000 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.86) 22%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) 100%),
    linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.92), rgba(49, 0, 8, 0.74), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12)),
    url("assets/emagine-welcome-background.png");
  background-size: cover;
  background-position: center;
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section p {
  max-width: 850px;
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.92);
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 1.35vw, 1.15rem);
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section p:first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

.welcome-visual .notice {
  max-width: 850px;
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
    top: 0.65rem;
    left: 0.75rem;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section {
    min-height: 430px;
    padding-top: 2rem;
  }
}
/* Refine Home welcome merge */
.welcome-visual .concept-figure::after {
  bottom: -1px;
  height: clamp(1.4rem, 3.2vw, 2.4rem);
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), #000000 92%);
}

.welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
  top: clamp(3rem, 6.6vw, 5.1rem);
  left: clamp(2rem, 8.4vw, 5.4rem);
  font-size: clamp(1.45rem, 3.15vw, 2.35rem);
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section {
  min-height: clamp(330px, 42vh, 500px);
  padding-top: clamp(1.15rem, 2.5vw, 2rem);
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .welcome-visual .concept-figure::after {
    height: 1.25rem;
  }

  .welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
    top: 18%;
    left: 8%;
    font-size: clamp(1rem, 6vw, 1.45rem);
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section {
    min-height: 390px;
    padding-top: 1.2rem;
  }
}
/* Align Welcome text with EMAGINE wordmark */
.welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
  top: clamp(4rem, 7.8vw, 5.5rem);
  left: clamp(7rem, 23vw, 14.5rem);
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
    top: 16%;
    left: 19%;
  }
}
/* Keep Welcome text close without covering EMAGINE */
.welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
  top: clamp(2.75rem, 5.4vw, 3.85rem);
  left: clamp(7rem, 23vw, 14.5rem);
  font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 2.55vw, 1.95rem);
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
    top: 12%;
    left: 19%;
    font-size: clamp(0.95rem, 5vw, 1.25rem);
  }
}
/* Align Welcome with UC mark and tighten intro gap */
.welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
  left: clamp(2.1rem, 8.7vw, 5.7rem);
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section {
  padding-top: clamp(0.65rem, 1.35vw, 1.05rem);
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
    left: 8%;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section {
    padding-top: 0.85rem;
  }
}
/* Position Welcome text above cropped UC mark */
.welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
  top: clamp(0.45rem, 1.35vw, 0.9rem);
  left: clamp(2.1rem, 8.7vw, 5.7rem);
  font-size: clamp(1.1rem, 2.15vw, 1.65rem);
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section {
  align-content: start;
  padding-top: clamp(0.45rem, 1vw, 0.8rem);
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
    top: 5%;
    left: 8%;
    font-size: clamp(0.9rem, 4.6vw, 1.15rem);
  }
}
/* Place Welcome directly above EMAGINE wordmark */
.welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
  top: clamp(0.45rem, 1.2vw, 0.85rem);
  left: clamp(7.5rem, 14vw, 11.5rem);
  font-family: "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
  font-size: clamp(1.45rem, 3vw, 2.25rem);
  font-style: italic;
  font-weight: 800;
  letter-spacing: 0;
  color: #ffffff;
  text-shadow: 0 3px 18px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9), 0 0 18px rgba(224, 1, 34, 0.24);
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
    top: 4%;
    left: 22%;
    font-size: clamp(1rem, 5.8vw, 1.45rem);
  }
}
/* Final Welcome alignment over UC mark */
.welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
  top: clamp(0.55rem, 1.35vw, 0.95rem);
  left: clamp(2.1rem, 8.7vw, 5.7rem);
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section {
  padding-top: clamp(0.95rem, 1.7vw, 1.35rem);
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .welcome-visual .concept-figure figcaption {
    top: 5%;
    left: 8%;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section {
    padding-top: 1.05rem;
  }
}
/* Welcome text emphasis */
.welcome-visual .intro-section .join-title {
  margin: clamp(1rem, 2vw, 1.45rem) 0 0.45rem;
  color: var(--uc-red);
  font-size: clamp(1.05rem, 1.7vw, 1.3rem);
  font-weight: 900;
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section .text-underline {
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-underline-offset: 0.12em;
  text-decoration-thickness: 0.08em;
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section em {
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.86);
}
/* Compact long Welcome text */
.welcome-visual .intro-section {
  min-height: auto;
  padding-top: clamp(0.75rem, 1.2vw, 1rem);
  padding-bottom: clamp(1.25rem, 2.4vw, 2rem);
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section p {
  max-width: 880px;
  margin: 0.78rem 0 0;
  font-size: clamp(0.82rem, 1.02vw, 0.95rem);
  line-height: 1.42;
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section p:first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section .join-title {
  margin: 0.9rem 0 0.25rem;
  font-size: clamp(0.95rem, 1.35vw, 1.1rem);
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .welcome-visual .intro-section p {
    font-size: 0.9rem;
    line-height: 1.48;
  }
}
/* Slightly larger compact Welcome text */
.welcome-visual .intro-section p {
  font-size: clamp(0.9rem, 1.08vw, 1.02rem);
  line-height: 1.43;
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section .join-title {
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 1.45vw, 1.18rem);
}
/* Refine hero transition and joining spacing */
.welcome-visual .concept-figure::after {
  height: clamp(0.55rem, 1.2vw, 0.9rem);
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0), #000000 96%);
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section .join-title {
  margin-bottom: 0.08rem;
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section .join-title + p {
  margin-top: 0.12rem;
}
/* Justify Welcome body copy */
.welcome-visual .intro-section p {
  text-align: justify;
  text-align-last: left;
}
/* Justify News text */
.news-list li {
  text-align: justify;
  text-align-last: left;
}
/* Justify PI biography and publication-style lists */
#bio-title ~ p,
.pub-full-list li {
  text-align: justify;
  text-align-last: left;
}
/* Contact page map layout */
.contact-page {
  padding-top: clamp(1.6rem, 3vw, 2.4rem);
}

.contact-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 0.95fr) minmax(320px, 1.05fr);
  gap: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw, 2.4rem);
  align-items: start;
  justify-content: center;
  margin-top: 1.1rem;
}

.contact-copy h3 {
  margin: 1.15rem 0 0.25rem;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-size: clamp(1.05rem, 1.6vw, 1.22rem);
  font-weight: 900;
}

.contact-copy h3:first-child {
  margin-top: 0;
}

.contact-copy p {
  margin: 0 0 0.9rem;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.55;
  text-align: justify;
  text-align-last: left;
}

.contact-map iframe {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  min-height: 430px;
  border: 0;
  background: var(--warm-gray);
}

.contact-map p {
  margin: 0.55rem 0 0;
  font-size: 0.92rem;
}

@media (max-width: 980px) {
  .contact-layout {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .contact-map iframe {
    min-height: 360px;
  }
}
/* Justify Research intro */
.research-intro p {
  max-width: 920px;
  color: var(--ink-soft);
  text-align: justify;
  text-align-last: left;
}
/* Research card multi-image gallery */
.research-image-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 0.95fr 0.95fr;
  grid-template-rows: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1.12fr);
  gap: 0.35rem;
  aspect-ratio: 16 / 10;
  padding: 0.35rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 0.35rem;
  background: var(--white);
}

.research-image-grid img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  min-width: 0;
  object-fit: contain;
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0.2rem;
  background: #ffffff;
}

.research-image-grid img:nth-child(3) {
  grid-column: 1 / -1;
}

@media (max-width: 620px) {
  .research-image-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    grid-template-rows: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
    aspect-ratio: auto;
  }

  .research-image-grid img:nth-child(3) {
    grid-column: auto;
  }
}
/* Full-width antenna research card */
.research-list .research-figure-gallery {
  grid-column: 1 / -1;
}

.research-figure-gallery .research-image-grid {
  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
  grid-template-rows: auto auto;
  aspect-ratio: auto;
  gap: clamp(0.65rem, 1.4vw, 1rem);
  padding: clamp(0.65rem, 1.4vw, 1rem);
}

.research-figure-gallery .research-image-grid img {
  height: auto;
  object-fit: contain;
}

.research-figure-gallery .research-image-grid img:nth-child(1),
.research-figure-gallery .research-image-grid img:nth-child(2) {
  width: 100%;
  max-height: 360px;
}

.research-figure-gallery .research-image-grid img:nth-child(3) {
  grid-column: 1 / -1;
  width: 100%;
  max-height: none;
}

@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .research-figure-gallery .research-image-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .research-figure-gallery .research-image-grid img:nth-child(3) {
    grid-column: auto;
  }
}
/* Full-width RF sensor research card */
.research-list .research-figure-wide {
  grid-column: 1 / -1;
}

.research-image-pair {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.25fr) minmax(0, 0.75fr);
  gap: clamp(0.75rem, 1.5vw, 1rem);
  align-items: stretch;
  padding: clamp(0.65rem, 1.4vw, 1rem);
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 0.35rem;
  background: var(--white);
}

.research-image-pair img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  max-height: 560px;
  object-fit: contain;
  border: 0;
  border-radius: 0.2rem;
  background: #ffffff;
}

@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .research-image-pair {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .research-image-pair img {
    height: auto;
  }
}
/* Research text width and justification refinements */
.research-intro p {
  max-width: none;
}

.research-list article p {
  text-align: justify;
  text-align-last: left;
}

.research-wide-image {
  width: 100%;
  height: auto;
  border: 1px solid var(--line);
  border-radius: 0.35rem;
  background: var(--white);
}
/* Justify Members intro */
#members-title + .lead {
  max-width: none;
  text-align: justify;
  text-align-last: left;
}

.pub-full-list .talk-date {
  color: var(--uc-red);
  font-weight: 900;
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-underline-offset: 0.14em;
}

#honors-title + .plain-list li {
  text-align: justify;
  text-align-last: left;
}

#services-title + .plain-list li {
  text-align: justify;
  text-align-last: left;
}

.visitor-widgets {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(190px, max-content) minmax(260px, max-content);
  gap: 1.15rem;
  align-items: start;
  justify-content: center;
  transform: translateX(-1.1rem);
}

.visitor-widget h3 {
  margin: 0 0 0.7rem;
  color: var(--ink);
  font-size: 1.12rem;
}

.visitor-widget img {
  max-width: 100%;
  height: auto;
}

.visitor-counter-widget {
  justify-self: end;
}

.visitor-counter-widget img {
  width: min(190px, 100%);
}

.country-counter-widget {
  justify-self: start;
}

.country-counter-widget img {
  width: min(600px, 100%);
}

.visitors-section {
  padding-top: 0.95rem;
}

@media (max-width: 720px) {
  .visitor-widgets {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    transform: none;
  }

  .country-counter-widget {
    display: none;
  }
}

/* Center Home Welcome text block under the hero image without changing text width */
.welcome-visual .intro-section p {
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section .join-title {
  width: min(880px, 100%);
  margin-left: auto;
  margin-right: auto;
  text-align: left;
}
/* Tighter PI page bullet spacing */
#bio-title ~ .plain-list,
#education-title + .plain-list,
#experience-title + .plain-list,
#services-title + .plain-list,
#peer-review-title + .plain-list,
#honors-title + .plain-list {
  gap: 0.42rem;
  margin-top: 0.75rem;
}

/* Responsive polish for tablet and phone while preserving desktop layout */
@media (max-width: 980px) {
  .site-header {
    position: relative;
  }

  .site-header .header-inner {
    min-height: auto;
    padding: 0.75rem 0;
    gap: 0.8rem;
  }

  .header-inner > .brand {
    flex: 1 1 auto;
    min-width: 0;
  }

  .brand .brand-emagine-logo {
    width: clamp(118px, 32vw, 210px);
    max-height: 58px;
    object-position: left center;
  }

  .brand:has(.brand-emagine-logo) {
    gap: 0.55rem;
  }

  .brand:has(.brand-emagine-logo) .brand-copy {
    transform: translateY(0.2rem);
  }

  .brand .brand-copy strong {
    font-size: clamp(0.86rem, 2.1vw, 1.12rem);
    white-space: nowrap;
  }

  .brand .brand-copy small {
    font-size: clamp(0.68rem, 1.7vw, 0.86rem);
    white-space: nowrap;
  }

  .header-inner > .top-nav {
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    width: auto;
    margin-left: 0;
  }

  .nav-toggle {
    display: block;
    flex: 0 0 auto;
    border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);
    background: transparent;
  }

  .nav-toggle span:not(.sr-only) {
    background: var(--white);
  }

  .nav-links {
    top: calc(100% + 0.45rem);
    left: 0.75rem;
    right: 0.75rem;
    z-index: 30;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
    gap: 0.15rem;
    max-height: calc(100vh - 7rem);
    overflow: auto;
  }

  .nav-links a {
    white-space: normal;
    line-height: 1.2;
  }

  .site-shell {
    width: min(100% - 1.25rem, 1320px);
    gap: 1rem;
  }

  .profile-sidebar {
    position: static;
    grid-template-columns: 112px minmax(0, 1fr);
    gap: 0.8rem 0.95rem;
    padding: 1rem 0 0.6rem;
    font-size: 0.88rem;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
  }

  .profile-photo {
    width: 112px;
    max-width: 112px;
    border-width: 3px;
  }

  .profile-sidebar h1 {
    margin-top: 0;
    font-size: 1.18rem;
  }

  .profile-sidebar address {
    margin: 0.45rem 0 0;
    gap: 0.08rem;
  }

  .content {
    padding-top: 0.35rem;
  }

  .content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) {
    padding: 1rem 0;
  }

  .page-title-section {
    padding-top: 1.1rem;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section p,
  .research-intro p,
  .research-list article p,
  #members-title + .lead,
  #bio-title ~ p,
  .pub-full-list li,
  .news-list li,
  .contact-copy p {
    text-align: left;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .header-inner,
  .top-nav,
  .site-shell,
  .site-footer {
    width: min(100% - 0.9rem, 1320px);
  }

  .site-header .header-inner {
    align-items: center;
  }

  .brand .brand-emagine-logo {
    width: clamp(104px, 36vw, 150px);
    max-height: 46px;
  }

  .brand .brand-copy strong {
    font-size: clamp(0.78rem, 3.2vw, 0.98rem);
  }

  .brand .brand-copy small {
    font-size: clamp(0.62rem, 2.55vw, 0.78rem);
  }

  .nav-toggle {
    width: 38px;
    height: 38px;
    padding: 0.48rem;
  }

  .profile-sidebar {
    grid-template-columns: 92px minmax(0, 1fr);
    font-size: 0.82rem;
  }

  .profile-photo {
    width: 92px;
    max-width: 92px;
  }

  .profile-sidebar h1 {
    font-size: 1.02rem;
  }

  .profile-title {
    font-size: 0.84rem;
  }

  .profile-affiliation,
  .profile-sidebar address {
    line-height: 1.36;
  }

  .welcome-visual .concept-figure img {
    min-height: 132px;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center;
  }

  .welcome-visual .concept-figure::after {
    height: 0.7rem;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section {
    padding: 0.9rem 0.8rem 1.2rem;
    background-position: center top;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section p {
    font-size: 0.88rem;
    line-height: 1.5;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section .join-title {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }

  .research-list {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 0.85rem;
  }

  .research-figure img {
    aspect-ratio: auto;
    max-height: none;
  }

  .research-image-pair,
  .research-figure-gallery .research-image-grid {
    padding: 0.45rem;
  }

  .publication {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    gap: 0.25rem;
  }

  .pub-full-list,
  .news-list,
  .plain-list,
  .simple-list {
    padding-left: 1.05rem;
  }

  .visitor-widgets {
    max-width: min(600px, 100%);
    margin: 0 auto;
  }

  .country-counter-widget img {
    width: min(100%, 520px);
  }
}

@media (max-width: 520px) {
  body {
    line-height: 1.52;
  }

  .site-header .header-inner {
    padding: 0.62rem 0;
  }

  .brand .brand-emagine-logo {
    width: clamp(92px, 35vw, 126px);
    max-height: 38px;
  }

  .brand:has(.brand-emagine-logo) {
    gap: 0.42rem;
  }

  .brand:has(.brand-emagine-logo) .brand-copy {
    transform: translateY(0.08rem);
  }

  .brand .brand-copy strong {
    font-size: clamp(0.72rem, 3.8vw, 0.86rem);
  }

  .brand .brand-copy small {
    font-size: clamp(0.58rem, 3vw, 0.68rem);
  }

  .nav-links {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .profile-sidebar {
    grid-template-columns: 78px minmax(0, 1fr);
    gap: 0.65rem;
    font-size: 0.78rem;
  }

  .profile-photo {
    width: 78px;
    max-width: 78px;
  }

  .profile-sidebar h1 {
    font-size: 0.96rem;
  }

  .profile-sidebar p {
    margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
  }

  .profile-sidebar address span {
    overflow-wrap: anywhere;
  }

  .welcome-visual .concept-figure img {
    min-height: 104px;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section {
    padding: 0.8rem 0.72rem 1rem;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section p {
    font-size: 0.84rem;
    line-height: 1.48;
    margin-top: 0.62rem;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section .join-title {
    margin-top: 0.72rem;
  }

  .content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) h2 {
    font-size: clamp(1.25rem, 7vw, 1.65rem);
  }

  .content > .page-section:not(.intro-section) h3 {
    font-size: 1rem;
  }

  .research-figure,
  .info-list article,
  .person-row,
  .publication,
  .directions-block {
    padding: 0.8rem;
  }

  .contact-map iframe {
    min-height: 280px;
  }

  .site-footer {
    font-size: 0.86rem;
  }
}

/* Mobile/tablet reading order: content first, PI card after content */
@media (max-width: 980px) {
  .site-shell {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .content {
    order: 1;
  }

  .profile-sidebar {
    order: 2;
    width: 100%;
    margin-top: 0.75rem;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
    border-bottom: 0;
  }
}

.emagine-email-link {
  color: var(--uc-red);
  font-weight: 900;
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-underline-offset: 0.12em;
}

.welcome-visual .intro-section .emagine-email-link {
  color: #ff4a5f;
}


/* Restore desktop-style sidebar on PC and tablet widths; only phones stack it */
@media (min-width: 761px) {
  .site-shell {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 240px minmax(0, 1fr);
    align-items: start;
  }

  .content,
  .profile-sidebar {
    order: initial;
  }

  .profile-sidebar {
    position: sticky;
    top: 144px;
    width: auto;
    margin-top: 0;
    border-top: 0;
    border-bottom: 0;
    padding: 1rem 0 2rem;
    font-size: 0.93rem;
  }

  .profile-photo {
    width: min(100%, 210px);
    max-width: 210px;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 761px) and (max-width: 980px) {
  .site-shell {
    grid-template-columns: 190px minmax(0, 1fr);
    gap: 1.25rem;
  }

  .profile-sidebar {
    top: 0.75rem;
    font-size: 0.84rem;
  }

  .profile-photo {
    width: min(100%, 170px);
    max-width: 170px;
  }

  .profile-sidebar h1 {
    font-size: 1.12rem;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .welcome-visual .concept-figure img {
    min-height: 0;
    height: auto;
    object-fit: contain;
    object-position: center;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 520px) {
  .welcome-visual .concept-figure img {
    min-height: 0;
    height: auto;
  }
}

/* Compact profile intro and restored text justification */
@media (max-width: 980px) {
  .site-shell {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .profile-sidebar {
    order: 1;
    position: static;
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    width: 100%;
    gap: 0.55rem;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0.85rem 0 1rem;
    border-top: 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
    font-size: 0.9rem;
  }

  .content {
    order: 2;
  }

  .profile-photo {
    grid-row: auto;
    width: min(100%, 360px);
    max-width: 100%;
    justify-self: center;
    aspect-ratio: 4 / 5;
  }

  .profile-sidebar h1,
  .profile-title,
  .profile-affiliation,
  .profile-sidebar p,
  .profile-sidebar address {
    grid-column: auto;
    width: min(100%, 360px);
    justify-self: center;
  }

  .profile-sidebar h1 {
    margin-top: 0.65rem;
    font-size: 1.18rem;
  }

  .profile-sidebar address {
    margin-top: 0.45rem;
    line-height: 1.42;
  }

  .welcome-visual .intro-section p,
  .research-intro p,
  .research-list article p,
  #members-title + .lead,
  #bio-title ~ p,
  .pub-full-list li,
  .news-list li,
  .contact-copy p {
    text-align: justify;
    text-align-last: left;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 520px) {
  .profile-sidebar {
    font-size: 0.86rem;
  }

  .profile-photo,
  .profile-sidebar h1,
  .profile-title,
  .profile-affiliation,
  .profile-sidebar p,
  .profile-sidebar address {
    width: 100%;
  }
}

/* Phone profile appears only on Home and PI; keep full header title visible */
@media (max-width: 760px) {
  .home-page .site-shell > .profile-sidebar {
    display: none;
  }

  .home-page .content .home-mobile-profile {
    display: grid;
    order: initial;
    margin: 0.35rem 0 1rem;
  }

  body:not(.home-page):not(.pi-page) .profile-sidebar {
    display: none;
  }

  body:not(.home-page):not(.pi-page) .content {
    order: 1;
  }

  .brand small,
  .brand .brand-copy small {
    display: block;
  }

  .brand .brand-copy {
    min-width: 0;
  }

  .brand .brand-copy strong,
  .brand .brand-copy small {
    white-space: normal;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 520px) {
  .brand .brand-emagine-logo {
    width: clamp(78px, 30vw, 108px);
  }

  .brand .brand-copy strong {
    font-size: clamp(0.68rem, 3.5vw, 0.8rem);
    line-height: 1.12;
  }

  .brand .brand-copy small {
    font-size: clamp(0.56rem, 2.9vw, 0.66rem);
    line-height: 1.12;
  }
}

/* Final responsive guardrails: prevent duplicate Home PI profile blocks */
.home-mobile-profile {
  display: none !important;
}

@media (min-width: 981px) {
  .site-shell {
    display: grid;
  }

  .content,
  .site-shell > .profile-sidebar {
    order: initial;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 980px) {
  .home-page .site-shell > .profile-sidebar {
    display: none !important;
  }

  .home-page .content .home-mobile-profile {
    display: grid !important;
  }

  body:not(.home-page):not(.pi-page) .profile-sidebar {
    display: none !important;
  }

  body:not(.home-page):not(.pi-page) .content {
    order: 1;
  }
}

@media (min-width: 761px) and (max-width: 980px) {
  .site-shell {
    display: flex !important;
    flex-direction: column;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .content {
    order: 1;
  }

  .site-shell > .profile-sidebar {
    order: 2;
  }
}